PART TWO The people factor
in ground risk management 61
4 Individuals and risk 63
Introduction 63
The concept of the individual 63
Our discontinuities 64
Our independence 65
The concept of perception 65
Subjective perception 66
Dealing with different
perceptions 68
Individuals and risk perception 70
Complexity of individual risk
perception 71
Change of individual risk
perception with time 72
Change of individual risk
perception with distance 73
How individuals can contribute 74
Risk awareness 74
Risk responsibility 75
Beyond blame and claim 77
Beyond fear 78
Three types of intelligence 81
Time taking 82
The individual change
agent 83
Summary 84
5 Teams and risk 85
Introduction 85
The concept of the team 86
From groups towards teams 86
Teams and culture 88
Teams and risk communication 90
Risk communication 90
Risk content and risk context 91
Singularity and risk dominance 93
Risk of groupthink 94
How teams can contribute 96
Expert teams 97
Multidisciplinary teams 98
Teams as change agents 100
Summary 102
6 Clients, society and risk 104
Introduction 104
Clients and risk 105
Do you play the ostrich game? 105
A contractor’s perception of
the client and vice versa 107
Public and private clients –
risk perceptions, costs and
income 109
Confrontation or cooperation 112
Society and risk 116
From modern to post-modern
risk perceptions 116
Balancing all those risk
perceptions 118
Society, construction and
post-modern ground
conditions 120
Towards creative construction 122
Summary 123
PART THREE The process
factor in ground risk manage-
ment 125
7 The GeoQ risk management
process 127
Introduction 127
The six GeoQ steps 128
Gathering project
information 129
Identifying risks 131
Classifying risk 134
Remediating risk 136
Evaluating risk 142
Mobilizing risk information 143
The six GeoQ phases 144
The feasibility phase 146
The pre-design phase 146
The design phase 147
The contracting phase 147
The construction phase 148
The maintenance phase 148
Embedding the GeoQ process 149
Summary 151
