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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
1 PROPERTIES OF SOIL 1
1.1 Soil Formation / 1
1.2 Physical Parameters of Soils / 3
1.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil / 8
1.4 Soil Consistency / 11
1.5 Plasticity Chart / 13
1.6 Classification Systems / 14
1.7 Compaction / 16
2 ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY 21
2.1 Introduction / 21
2.2 Stress Matrix / 22
2.3 Elasticity / 23
2.4 Plasticity / 28
2.5 Modified Cam Clay Model / 28
2.6 Stress Invariants / 53
2.7 Strain Invariants / 57
2.8 Extended Cam Clay Model / 58
2.9 Modified Drucker–Prager/Cap Model / 61
2.10 Lade’s Single Hardening Model / 68
3 STRESSES IN SOIL 90
3.1 Introduction / 90
3.2 In Situ Soil Stresses / 90
3.3 Stress Increase in a Semi-Infinite Soil Mass Caused by External
Loading / 101
4 CONSOLIDATION 124
4.1 Introduction / 124
4.2 One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory / 125
4.3 Calculation of the Ultimate Consolidation Settlement / 131
4.4 Finite Element Analysis of Consolidation Problems / 132
5 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL 162
5.1 Introduction / 162
5.2 Direct Shear Test / 163
5.3 Triaxial Compression Test / 170
5.4 Field Tests / 186
5.5 Drained and Undrained Loading Conditions via FEM / 188
6 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 209
6.1 Introduction / 209
6.2 Modes of Failure / 209
6.3 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation / 211
6.4 Meyerhof’s General Bearing Capacity Equation / 224
6.5 Effects of the Water Table Level on Bearing Capacity / 229
7 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE AND RETAINING WALLS 233
7.1 Introduction / 233
7.2 At-Rest Earth Pressure / 236
7.3 Active Earth Pressure / 241
7.4 Passive Earth Pressure / 249
7.5 Retaining Wall Design / 253
7.6 Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls / 271
8 PILES AND PILE GROUPS 286
8.1 Introduction / 286
8.2 Drained
8.4 Pile Groups / 301
8.5 Settlements of Single Piles and Pile Groups / 312
8.6 Laterally Loaded Piles and Pile Groups / 313
9 PERMEABILITY AND SEEPAGE 332
9.1 Introduction / 332
9.2 Bernoulli’s Equation / 333
9.3 Darcy’s Law / 337
9.4 Laboratory Determination of Permeability / 338
9.5 Permeability of Stratified Soils / 340
9.6 Seepage Velocity / 342
9.7 Stresses in Soils Due to Flow / 343
9.8 Seepage / 346
9.9 Graphical Solution: Flow Nets / 349
9.10 Flow Nets for Anisotropic Soils / 354
9.11 Flow Through Embankments / 355
9.12 Finite Element Solution / 356