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Rock mechanics for underground mining, 3rd ed

by

B. H. G. Brady
Emeritus Professor, The University of Western Australia, and Consulting
Engineer, Montville, Queensland, Australia

E. T. Brown
Emeritus Professor, The University of Queensland, and Senior Consultant,
Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS

2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc

Preface to the third edition
Sometimes it is suggested that mining engineering and its supporting engineering
sciences have reached a state of maturity. However, this proposition is inconsistent
with major developments in the twenty years that have elapsed since the preparation of
the first edition of this book, and the ten years since it has been subject to any substantial
revision. Over those periods, innovations and improvements in engineering practice
in mining and mining rock mechanics, and advances in the engineering science of
rock mechanics, have been extraordinary. For these reasons the third edition, which
results from comprehensive and thorough revision of the earlier editions, has involved
the replacement or substantial modification of the equivalent of about half of the text
and figures of those versions of the book.
One of the key drivers for many significant developments in fundamental rock mechanics
over the period has been the mining industry’s recognition of the economic
returns of better understanding and more rigorous application of the governing sciences
embedded in its industrial operations and processes. The result has been some
notable advances in mining engineering practice, involving improvements in mining
methods in particular. For example, caving methods are now more widely applied
as understanding of their scientific basis has improved and their economic and operational
advantages have been realised. Whereas sublevel caving was once regarded
in some places as a method of marginal interest, the advent of very large scale sublevel
caving, made possible in part by improved drilling technology and in part by
understanding of the governing rock mechanics, it is now an attractive proposition for
many orebodies. Similarly, block caving is now conducted efficiently and reliably in
orebody settings that would have been inconceivable two decades ago. At the same
time, methods such as overhand cut-and-fill stoping and shrink stoping have declined
in application, replaced in part by open stoping and bench-and-fill stoping, where large
scale mechanisation, improved backfill technology, reliable rock mass reinforcement
of stope walls and the intrinsic advantages of non-entry methods of working have led
to superior economics and enhanced operational safety.
The scope of developments in mining rock mechanics science and practice has been
as impressive as that in mining engineering. Perhaps the most significant advance has
been the resolution of some longstanding issues of rock fracture, failure and strength
and their relation to the modes of deformation and degradation of rock around mining
excavations. The fact that the key research on this topic was conducted at the Underground
Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited demonstrates the
extent to which mining rock mechanics has benefited from fundamental research in
other fields of rock engineering. The mechanics of blocky rock has also been a field of
impressive development, particularly in regard to formulation of a broad spectrum of
methods of analysis of block jointed rock and their application in excavation engineering
and support and reinforcement design. More generally, improved understanding
of the mechanics of discontinuous rock has had a profound effect on simulation of
caving mechanics and therefore on the design and operation of block caving and
sublevel caving mines.

Mining-induced seismicity and the related phenomenon of rockbursts have become
more prevalent in hard rock mining. Developments in mineworthy seismic equipment
and associated data recording, processing and analysis hardware and software have
contributed greatly to measurement, characterisation and management of the problem.
These developments have been complemented by measures in excavation design
and extraction sequencing which have done much to mitigate the serious operating
problems which can occur in seismically active, rockburst prone mines. In large-scale
open stope mining, Canadian developments based on pillarless stoping, formulation
of extraction sequences which promote the evolution and uniform displacement of a
regular mine stress abutment, and the extensive use of cement-stabilised backfill, have
been successful in managing an acute mining challenge. Notably, these measures have
been based on sound conceptual and analytical models of the relation of damaging
seismicity to induced stress, geological structure, potential rock displacements and
strain energy release during mining.
Some remarkable developments in computational methods have supported these
improvements in rock mechanics practice. Many mining rock mechanics problems
are effectively four-dimensional, in that it is the evolution of the state of stress over the
time scale of the mining life of the orebody which needs to be interpreted in terms of
the probable modes of response of the host rock mass. The computational efficiency
of tools for three-dimensional stress analysis now permits modelling of key stages of
an extraction sequence, for example, as a matter of routine rock mechanics practice.
Similarly, computer power and efficient algorithms provide a notable capacity to
simulate the displacement and flow of rock in cave mining and to support design of
optimum caving layouts.
Notwithstanding these developments, it is encouraging to note continued attention
to formal mathematical analysis in solution of rock mechanics problems. The results
of such analysis provide the canonical solutions for the discipline of rock mechanics
and ensure a sound base for both the science and engineering practice.
In preparing this extensive revision, the authors have been fortunate to have the
support of many colleagues and several organisations. In particular, they would like
to record the helpful advice and comment of colleagues on possible improvements
in earlier editions of the book and in identifying inevitable errors in the text. They
acknowledge the generous assistance of the Brisbane office of Golder Associates in
providing facilities and many helpful services, particularly in assistance with drafting
of the figures for this edition. One of the authors was supported for part of the
work of revision by The University of Western Australia, and the other by the Julius
Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre of The University of Queensland. This support,
including the associated library services, is acknowledged with gratitude. The authors
thank the many individuals and organisations who generously gave permission to use
published material. Finally, they record the encouragement of publisher’s representative,
Petra van Steenbergen, and her patient assistance and advice during this major
undertaking.
B. H. G. B.
E. T. B.

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