Geotechnical Investigation Methods - A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers (Roy E. Hunt, P.E., P.G. 2007)
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1. Exploration..............................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................3
1.1.2 Methodology..............................................................................................................3
1.1.3 Scope ..........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Surface Mapping....................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 General........................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Research Data ............................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Remotely Sensed Imagery ......................................................................................9
1.2.4 Terrain Analysis ......................................................................................................16
1.2.5 Site Reconnaissance ................................................................................................29
1.2.6 Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program ..............................................31
1.3 Subsurface Exploration ......................................................................................................31
1.3.1 General......................................................................................................................31
1.3.2 Geophysical methods ............................................................................................32
1.3.3 Reconnaissance Methods ......................................................................................54
1.3.4 Continuous CPT(ASTM D5778)............................................................................54
1.3.5 Test and Core Borings ............................................................................................62
1.3.6 Borehole Remote-Sensing and Logging ..............................................................81
1.3.7 Groundwater and Seepage Detection..................................................................84
1.4 Recovery of Samples and Cores ........................................................................................87
1.4.1 General......................................................................................................................87
1.4.2 Test Boring Soil Sampling......................................................................................89
1.4.3 Miscellaneous Soil-Sampling Methods................................................................97
1.4.4 Subaqueous Sampling............................................................................................99
1.4.5 Rock Coring ..........................................................................................................102
1.4.6 Sample and Core Treatment ................................................................................114
1.4.7 Data Presentation ..................................................................................................119
References ...................................................................................................................................123
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................125
Chapter 2. Measurement of Properties ............................................................................127
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................127
2.1.1 Objectives ..............................................................................................................127
2.1.2 Geotechnical Properties ......................................................................................127
2.1.3 Testing Methods Summarized ............................................................................128
2.2 Basic and Index Properties ..............................................................................................135
2.2.1 Intact Rock ............................................................................................................135
2.2.2 Rock Masses ..........................................................................................................138
2.2.3 Soils ........................................................................................................................139
2.3 Hydraulic Properties (Permeability) ..............................................................................151
2.3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................151
2.3.2 Estimating the Permeability Coefficient k ........................................................152
2.3.3 Laboratory Tests ....................................................................................................154
2.3.4 In Situ Testing ........................................................................................................158
2.4 Rupture Strength................................................................................................................162
2.4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................162
2.4.2 Shear Strength Relation-ships ..............................................................................167
2.4.3 Rock Strength Measurements ............................................................................179
2.4.4 Soil Strength Measurements................................................................................187
2.4.5 Soil Penetration Tests............................................................................................199
2.5 Deformation without Rupture ........................................................................................206
2.5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................206
2.5.2 Deformation Relation-ships ..................................................................................211
2.5.3 Rock Deformation Measurements......................................................................215
2.5.4 Soil Deformation Measurements (Static) ..........................................................223
2.5.5 Dynamic Deformation Moduli (Soils) ..............................................................239
2.6 Typical Values of Basic, Index, and Engineering Properties ......................................242
2.6.1 Rock Masses ..........................................................................................................242
2.6.2 Weathered Rock and Residual Soil ....................................................................243
2.6.3 Cohesionless Soils ................................................................................................243
2.6.4 Clay Soils................................................................................................................243
2.6.5 Compacted Materials ..........................................................................................251
References ...................................................................................................................................251
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................257
Chapter 3. Field Instrumentation ......................................................................................259
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................259
3.1.1 Methods and Instruments Summarized............................................................259
3.1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................259
3.1.3 Application-s ..........................................................................................................259
3.1.4 Program Elements ................................................................................................263
3.1.5 Transducers ............................................................................................................265
3.2 Surface Movements ..........................................................................................................267
3.2.1 Forms and Significance ........................................................................................267
3.2.2 Surveying ..............................................................................................................269
3.2.3 Tiltmeters................................................................................................................273
3.2.4 Extensometers........................................................................................................275
3.2.5 Vibration Monitoring............................................................................................278
3.3 Subsurface Deformation-s ................................................................................................279
3.3.1 Forms and Significance ........................................................................................279
3.3.2 Vertical Displacement ..........................................................................................280
3.3.3 Lateral Displacement............................................................................................285
3.3.4 Linear Strain Gradients........................................................................................290
3.3.5 Acoustical Emission-s............................................................................................292
3.4 In Situ Pressures and Stresses ..........................................................................................296
3.4.1 General....................................................................................................................296
3.4.2 Pore-Water Pressures............................................................................................297
3.4.3 Loads and Stresses................................................................................................302
3.4.4 Residual Rock Stresses ........................................................................................305
3.5 Instrumentation Arrays for Typical Problems ..............................................................308
3.5.1 Importance ............................................................................................................308
3.5.2 Settlement of Structures ......................................................................................308
3.5.3 Excavation Retention ............................................................................................311
3.5.4 Earth Dams ............................................................................................................312
3.5.5 Tunnels, Caverns, and Mines ..............................................................................314
3.5.6 Natural and Cut Slopes........................................................................................317
3.5.7 Fault Movements ..................................................................................................320
References ...................................................................................................................................320
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................322
Catalogs .......................................................................................................................................322
Appendix A. The Earth and Geologic History ................................................................323
A.1 Significance to the Engineer ............................................................................................323
A.2 The Earth ............................................................................................................................323
A.2.1 General ..................................................................................................................323
A.2.2 Cross Section ........................................................................................................323
A.3 Global Tectonics ................................................................................................................324
A.3.1 General ..................................................................................................................324
A.3.2 The Hypotheses ....................................................................................................324
A.4 Geologic History ..............................................................................................................325
A.4.1 North America: Provides a General Illustration ............................................325
A.4.2 Radiometric Dating ............................................................................................328
References ...................................................................................................................................329
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................329
Index ...........................................................................................................................................331
