2012年第3期电子版，E.T.Brown等多位大牛力作 [复制链接]

Risk assessment and management in underground rock
engineering—an overview
Edwin T Brown
Golder Associates Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, 4064, Australia
Received 4 April 2012; received in revised form 10 June 2012; accepted 18 June 2012

Abstract: This paper attempts to provide an overview of risk assessment and management practice in underground rock
engineering based on a review of the international literature and some personal experience. It is noted that the termi-
nologies used in risk assessment and management studies may vary from country to country.Probabilistic risk analysis  
is probably the most widely-used approach to risk assessment in rock engineering and in geotechnical engineeringmore
broadly. It is concluded that great potential exists to augment the existing probabilistic methods by the use of Bayesian
networks and decision analysis techniques to allow reasoning under uncertainty and to update probabilities, material
properties and analyses as further data become available throughout various stages of a project.Examples are given
of the use of these methods in underground excavation engineering in China and elsewhere, and opportunities for their
further application are identified.
Key words: Bayesian networks; probabilistic risk analysis; risk analysis; risk management;underground rock engineering

Design methodology for the safety of underground rock engineering
John A. Hudson1, 2*
1Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
2 Rock Engineering C*nsultants, Welwyn Garden City, UK
Received 8 April 2012; received in revised form 20 June 2012; accepted 8 July 2012

Abstract: In order to optimise the safety of underground rock engineering c*nstruction and the long-term security of the
resultant facilities, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the likely hazards. These risks or hazards fall into the four
categories of “known beforehand and relatively easily addressed”, “known beforehand and not easily addressed”, “not
known beforehand and relatively easily addressed”, and “not known beforehand and not easily addressed”. This paper
describes how these four types of hazard can be incorporated into a design methodology approach, including the
process by which the relevant mechanical rock mass parameters can be recognised for modelling and hence predictive
purposes.In particular, there is emphasis on the fact that information and judgement are the keys to safety—whether
the hazards are known or unknown before c*nstruction proceeds.
Key words: rock mechanics; rock engineering; design; safety; information
02Hudson-10.pdf (1160 K) 下载次数:162

Design of rock support system under rockburst condition
Peter K. Kaiser1, Ming Cai2
1 Centre for Excellence in Mining Innovation, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
2 Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Received 14 April 2012; received in revised form 12 June 2012; accepted 9 July 2012

Abstract: As mining and civil tunneling progresses to depth, excavation-induced seismicity and rockburst problems
increase and cannot be prevented. As an important line of defense, ground control measures and burst-resistant
rock support are used to prevent or minimize damage to excavati*ns and thus to enhance workplace safety. Rock
support in burst-prone ground differs from conventional rock support where controlling gravity-induced rockfalls
and managing shallow zones of loose rock are the main target. Rock support in burst-prone ground needs to
resist dynamic loads and large rock dilation due to violent rock failure. After reviewing the rockburst phenomenon,
types of rockbursts, damage mechanisms, and rockburst support design principles and acceptability criteria, this
paper describes that the support selection process in burst-prone ground is iterative, requiring design verification
and modification based on field observati*ns. An interactive design tool for conducting rockburst support design
in underground tunnels is introduced to facilitate cost-effective design.
Key words: rockburst; rockburst damage; rock support; design
03Kaiser Cai-13.pdf (750 K) 下载次数:84

Mining seismicity in the Witwatersrand Basin: monitoring,
mechanisms and mitigation strategies in perspective
K. L. Riemer1, R. J. Durrheim2
1 Gold Fields, Gauteng, South Africa
2 University of the Witwatersrand & CSIR Centre for Mining Innovation, Gauteng, South Africa
Received 21 May 2012; received in revised form 10 June 2012; accepted 15 June 2012

Abstract: The Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa hosts one of the largest gold placer deposits in the world. Mining
in the Witwatersrand Basin here has been the source of about one third to one half of the gold ever produced
in the world. Gold was discovered in the Johannesburg area in 1886 and after 120 years of continuous operation,
mining is currently approaching depths of 4 000 m. In spite of the challenges and risks that the industry has had
to deal with including rock temperature, ventilation and water, one of the most feared hazards in the basin has
been the threat from the ongoing occurrence of seismicity and rockbursts. The problem first manifested
itself by way of the occurrence of tremors roughly twenty years after the commencement of mining operati*ns.
This paper traces the history of the approach to rockbursts and seismicity during the 120 year history of mining
in the basin. It portrays a picture of the mining seismicity in terms of monitoring phases, mechanisms and
mitigation strategies. The work of research organizati*ns over the years is highlighted with a brief mention
of current regulation strategies on the part of the mining inspectorate.
Key words: Witwatersrand Basin; monitoring; mechanisms; mitigation; prevention; protection; prediction
04Riemer-22.pdf (1829 K) 下载次数:124

Analysis of one-dimensional c0nsolidation of soft soils with
non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid
Kanghe Xie1, Chuanxun Li1, 2*, Xingwang Liu3, Yulin Wang1
1 Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
2 School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
3 Zhejiang Province Institute of Architectural Design and Research, Hangzhou, 310006, China
Received 26 February 2011; received in revised form 21 August 2011; accepted 21 September 2012

Abstract: Based on non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid, the theory of one-dimensional (1D) c0nsolidation
was modified to c0nsider variation in the total vertical stress with depth and time. The finite difference method (FDM)
was adopted to obtain numerical soluti0ns for excess pore water pressure and average degree of c0nsolidation.
When non-Darcian flow is degenerated into Darcian flow, a comparison between numerical soluti0ns and analytical
soluti0ns was made to verify reliability of finite difference soluti0ns. Finally, taking into account the ramp time-dependent loading, c0nsolidation behaviors with non-Darcian flow under various parameters were analyzed.
Thus, a comprehensive analysis of 1D c0nsolidation combined with non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian
liquid was conducted in this paper.
Key words: one-dimensional (1D) c0nsolidation; non-Darcian flow caused by non-Newtonian liquid; non-uniform
distribution of total vertical stress; time-dependent loading
05李传勋-8.pdf (612 K) 下载次数:54

Practices on rockburst prevention and control in headrace tunnels of
Jinping II hydropower station
Jimin Wang*, Xionghui Zeng, Jifang Zhou
Ertan Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., Chengdu, 610051, China
Received 17 February 2011; received in revised form 27 July 2011; accepted 16 July 2012

Abstract: Rockburst problems induced by high in-situ stresses were prominent during c0nstruction of the headrace
tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station. The rockbursts occurred in various forms, and it is necessary to take
pertinent measures for integrated prevention and control of rockbursts. In view of the rockburst characteristics
during tunnel c0nstruction of Jinping II hydropower station, the engineering geological conditi0ns were presented,
and the features, mechanisms and forms of rockbursts observed during c0nstruction were analyzed in detail.
A large number of scientific researches, experiments and applicati0ns were conducted. Multiple measures were
adopted  to prevent and control rockbursts, including the prediction and early warning measures, stress relief
by blasting in advance, optimized blasting design and optimized tunnel support in the tunnel secti0ns prone
to strong rockbursts. The effectiveness of these prevention and control measures was evaluated. Experiences
have been accumulated through a great number of helpful explorati0ns and practices for rockburst prevention
and control. A comprehensive rockburst prevention and control system has been gradually established.
Key words: long and deep tunnel; rockburst prevention and control; stress relief by blasting; microseismic monitoring
06王继敏-11.pdf (984 K) 下载次数:56

Application of bi-directional static loading test to deep foundati0ns
Guoliang Dai1, 2*, Weiming Gong1, 2
1 School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
2 Key Laboratory for RC and PRC Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
Received 16 June 2011; received in revised form 7 August 2011; accepted 5 October 2011

Abstract: Bi-directional static loading test adopting load cells is widely used around the world at present, with increase in
diameter and length of deep foundati0ns. In this paper, a new simple conversion method to predict the equivalent pile
head load-settlement curve c0nsidering elastic shortening of deep foundation was put forward according to the load
transfer mechanism. The proposed conversion method was applied to root caisson foundation in a bridge and to large
diameter pipe piles in a sea wind power plant. Some new load cells, test procedure, and c0nstruction technology were
adopted based on the applicati0ns to different deep foundati0ns, which could enlarge the application scopes of bi-
directional loading test. A new type of bi-directional loading test for pipe pile was conducted, in which the load cell was
installed and loaded after the pipe pile with special connector has been set up. Unlike the conventional bi-directional
loading test, the load cell can be reused and shows an evident economic benefit.
Key words: deep foundati0ns; bi-directional static loading test; root caisson foundation; large diameter pipe pile
07Daiguoliang-7.pdf (557 K) 下载次数:49

A new method to simulate irregular particles by discrete element
method
Rui Gao*, Xin Du, Yawu Zeng, Yong Li, Jing Yan
School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Received 27 May 2011; received in revised form 26 September 2011; accepted 5 October 2011

Abstract: Granular materials are ubiquitous in nature and important in various applicati0ns such as road and railway
engineering. Granular materials exhibit complicated mechanical behaviors, which are affected significantly by the
irregular shape of particles. Currently, the discrete element method (DEM) has been accepted as an effective
approach to investigate the mechanical behaviors of granular materials. However, there are scarce simulati0ns
based on DEM in literatures c0nsidering the irregularity of particle shape. A new method is proposed to simulate
individual real particle with irregular shape using clump c0nstituted by overlapping spheres. First, the geometric
model of real particle with surface nodes and inner nodes is established through digitally processing the
computerized tomography (CT) scanning data. Second, a clump c0nsisting of spheres is generated to simulate
the real particle using a minimum distance criterion. The criterion is implemented by tree optimization algorithm.
Influential factors are also introduced to balance the model accuracy and computing cost. Effects of the influential
factors, including the density of geometric grid and the minimum distance, on simulati0ns are discussed. Results
show that this new method is simpler and more efficient than the previous methods in terms of the model accuracy
and computing cost.
Key words: irregular particles; discrete element method (DEM); influential factors
08Gaorui-6.pdf (394 K) 下载次数:59

Non-mechanical behaviors of soft clay in two-dimensional
electro-osmotic c0nsolidation
Ying Li1, 2, 3*, Xiaonan Gong1, 2, Mengmeng Lu4, Yanli Tao1, 2
1 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
2 MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soil and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
3 Zhejiang Province Institute of Architectural Design and Research, Hangzhou, 310058, China
4 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
Received 16 May 2011; received in revised form 14 November 2011; accepted 9 December 2011

Abstract: To investigate the soil behaviors in a direct current field on both spatial and temporal scales, a 1: 5 scale
model test was conducted in laboratory to simulate the two-dimensional (2D) electro-osmotic c0nsolidation of soft
clay foundation. Volume of drainage, intensity, voltage, water content and pH value of water collected in the
cathodes were monitored. The pH values of soil and the mass of anodes were measured before and after the test.
The test results indicate that the unsaturated state, resultant from fissures induced by the differences in water
contents, is favorable to dynamic compaction of soil during electro-osmotic drainage. The results also dem0nstrate
that water content, degree of saturation and electric potential distributi0ns can be used to deduce the electro-
osmotic drainage process. Water content of soil decreases first near electrodes, while keeps nearly c0nstant
in the center of the model. The area with c0nstant water content is larger than half of the sample surface.
Moving anodes towards cathodes by about one third of the electrode spacing is effective to improve the treatment
effect after electro-osmosis stops due to the large resistance. Moreover, it is observed that during electro-osmosis,
the corrosion rate of anodes becomes smaller, while the variation in pH values of soil near anodes becomes larger.
Key words: electro-osmotic c0nsolidation; soft clay; degree of saturation; voltage; pH value of soil; anode corrosion
09Liying-7.pdf (222 K) 下载次数:49

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简直是太好了。。。哈哈

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