A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and x0GZ2*vfsb
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 'Y Zs6rcJ
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with )>p6h]]a
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ;d40:q<
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation oFp&j@`k8j
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. --sb ;QG
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled fh<G&E8
p
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like {jG`l$$
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of :[3\jLrc
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations JY16|ia
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, w[-Bsf
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main ;v\n[
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near _R6> Ayw*
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic I),8EEf\
ruptures in a computer.