A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and :Ye#NPOI
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at K^qUlyv
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with "1`i]Y\'
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ,Qi|g' a
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation Hv7D+ j8M
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. dZiWVa
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled !e\R;bYM
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like x< y [na
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of ~S=fMv^BR
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations nIqY}??
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, /'=^^%&:B
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main `:BQ&T%UQR
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near xE-`B b
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic _BLSI8!N@
ruptures in a computer.
