A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and (HRj0,/^
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at ]aPf-O*
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with }TTghE!
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave cSPQ
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speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation [5&k{*}}
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. hV@ N -u^
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled %IO*(5f
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like B{/og*xd*1
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of UwUHB~ <oE
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations ,V1"Typ#<
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, 63E6nW M
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main
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results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near xL15uWk-
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic Z#.d7B"
ruptures in a computer.
