A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and _}l7f
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at %g7B*AX]
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with |o#pd\
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ; 6q`c !p7
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ;0nL1R]w(
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. {q/D,Rh8
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled /& o<kY
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like _m#P\f'p
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of t &ML gu
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations )P#xny2
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Io4Ss1="
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main Y.#:l <
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near 8S@"6TG`
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic nyx(0
ruptures in a computer.
