A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and Yq $(Ex
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 6&`.C/"2
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with i
o 3qG6
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave }2|>Y[v2j
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation GBGGV#_q'}
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. bN8GRK )
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled Q+U}
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like o>';-} E
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of k "LbB#Q
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations S=n,unn#t
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Y\Odj~Mj
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main YJ'h=!p}G
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near E dh T;!
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic 2fu|X#R
ruptures in a computer.
