A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and 8+a4>8[M
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at - }7e:!.
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with iop2L51eJ
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave =vQcYa
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation 01r 8$+
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. hAYTj0GZ
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled Rn`x7( WA
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like f&eK|7J_Yf
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 10<x.8fSP
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations |Y$uqRdV
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, 96 q_ K84K
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main WN{ 9
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near "= 6_V?&w
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic -=)+dCyB^
ruptures in a computer.
