A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and o{7w&Pgs2
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at L(/wsw~y*
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with "VeNc,-nfQ
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave $wcV~'fM
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ' ]sI U;h3
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. r2&/Ii+
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ZV!*ZpTe~
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like RRtOBrIedI
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 2bf#L?5g/
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations (OG>=h8?
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Ut(BQM>U+$
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main CelM~W$=u
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near "-Uqv @
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic V^\b"1X7N
ruptures in a computer.
