A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and D}vgX zD
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 6Z
~>d;&9
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with 3X*;.'#Z
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave COc1np
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ?tE}89c
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. jii2gtu'U
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled Wt()DG|[
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like X_+`7yCi"x
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of ,W5pe#n
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations >BMJA:j
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, a-x8LfcbF
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main &5Ea6j
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near l!Z >QE`.S
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic gWqmK/.U.0
ruptures in a computer.
