A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and wT::b V{
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 1d]F$ >
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with u YT$$'S
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ` K {k0_{
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation }shxEsq
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. TSsZzsdr2
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ~qG W9 4
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like 9N}\>L)_
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of fTvm2+ .nX
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations Q
zaD\^OF
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, f6`GU$H
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main ! +^'Ej)z
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near
uu,F5<y[
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic %6 0 OS3
ruptures in a computer.
