A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and ]VVx2ERs
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at m7,"M~\pX
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with Zf)< )o*
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 7n#Mh-vq
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation <t *3w
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. C-2#-{<
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled (i)O@Jve
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like NS4 W!o;"
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of neWx-O
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations T.!.3B$@]
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, kKQD$g.z6
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main ]xJ2;{JWsO
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near `)jAdad-s
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic e ~G IUwJ
ruptures in a computer.
