A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and pJ/]\>#5
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at ?;~E*kzO&
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with qP#LJPaS
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave M^:JhX{
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation B.5+!z&7
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. SED52$zA
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled Wn@oG@}~
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like c8X;4
My
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of >2{Y5__+e
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations YFm%W@
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, q=88*Y
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main (x2 ?{\?
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near NgyEy n
\
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic _D {A ` z
ruptures in a computer.
