A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and
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geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at U _Va'7
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with *ps")?tlC
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave E.rfS$<1
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation 6rzXM`cs
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. 9xUAfU
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ,7|2K &C5
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like GVzG
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of r;&rc:?A
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations z4c{W~} `
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, ;(9q, )
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main H9T'{R*FC
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near kA<58 ,!
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic X9n},} bJ"
ruptures in a computer.
