A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and O2?yI8|Jn
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at EZ:?
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periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with }EYmz/nN
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 8#g}ev@|u
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation *C0a,G4
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. >F:1a\c
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled 8EMBqhl
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like .c&&@>m@.
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 'wtb"0 }
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations V8nQ/9R;
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, {&XTa`C
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main tQRbNY# }Z
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near tzfyS#E
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic GyMN;|
ruptures in a computer.
