A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and $D~vuA7
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at nVv=smVOt
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with "78BApjWT6
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave :DR}lOi`
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation |f< -lB[ k
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. QHbjZJ
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Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ~ A4_
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like 4'U #<8
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 992cy2,Fb
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations DT>Giic
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, .eG_>2'1
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main .dl4f"k
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near LLW
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field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic [qQ~ \]
ruptures in a computer.
