A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and `t9?=h!
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at EzV96+
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with 27"%"P. 1
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave HO%wHiv1X
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation (Cd\G=PK
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. fb8g7H|
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ?$^2Umt 0
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like O 8u j`G 9
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of -~ Mb
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations a]/>ra 5{
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Vz)`nmO}5\
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main %i-c0|,T4
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near cmg ^J
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic Uo> ] sNP~
ruptures in a computer.
