Actually, 4D spacing is medium value for avoiding the pile-soil-pile interaction (shadow effect). *7Q6b 4~"
4=tR_s
The p-multiplier for pile-soil-pile interaction in p-y curve method will reach 1 when the spacing A0)^I:&
EpAgKzVpJ
equal 6D (O'Neill 1998). This p-multiplier is about 0.8 when S/D=4. All the results are based on f zo'9
!G;u
)7'v
many tests(different soil(sand, clay), different pile length) including site test and centrifuge h )
Wp
{o24A:M
test(Chang 2003). 12n:)yQy
Bx#i?=*W
In China, we choose Spacing more than 4D, it shows that the pile-soil-pile effect is less 20%. (acceptable)