Actually, 4D spacing is medium value for avoiding the pile-soil-pile interaction (shadow effect). F:#J:x'
-LM;}<
The p-multiplier for pile-soil-pile interaction in p-y curve method will reach 1 when the spacing ?X&6M;Zi
hd 0'u
equal 6D (O'Neill 1998). This p-multiplier is about 0.8 when S/D=4. All the results are based on W>b(Om_%
NvN~@TL28
many tests(different soil(sand, clay), different pile length) including site test and centrifuge Yhp]x
Jl "mL
test(Chang 2003). bZx!0>h
n8hRaNHl2
In China, we choose Spacing more than 4D, it shows that the pile-soil-pile effect is less 20%. (acceptable)