Actually, 4D spacing is medium value for avoiding the pile-soil-pile interaction (shadow effect). r+$ 0u~^
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The p-multiplier for pile-soil-pile interaction in p-y curve method will reach 1 when the spacing NP%ll e,l
y"7TO#
equal 6D (O'Neill 1998). This p-multiplier is about 0.8 when S/D=4. All the results are based on G++kUo<
7 yF#G9,
many tests(different soil(sand, clay), different pile length) including site test and centrifuge EEaKT`/d
oJXZ}>>iT
test(Chang 2003). iAup',AZg
[iL2c=_
In China, we choose Spacing more than 4D, it shows that the pile-soil-pile effect is less 20%. (acceptable)