A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and /n1L},67h
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at Q+ZZwq yxD
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with @z>DJ>htN
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave t
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speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation 7R$O ~R3p
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. a6\`r ^ @
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled sq;3qbz
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like Tb}op XYK
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of -.l.@
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations 1G )I|v9R
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Q2<v: *L
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main z8cefD9F
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near h}4yz96WD
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic 40} 7O<9*
ruptures in a computer.
