A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and #JgH}|&a$
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at W%T>SpFl
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with OK{quM5
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave g#F?!i-[F
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation q}~3C1
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. 2"Ec d
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled J6U$qi
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like rqdE6y+^
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of +?u~APjNN
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations kSR\RuY*
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, q#vQv 5
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main (d(hR0HKE
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near =+U `-J} g
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic AvdXEY(-
ruptures in a computer.
