A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and !"qEB2r
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at gM/_:+bT>P
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with ;]ZHD$ g
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave R=f5:8D<-
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation i3\oy`GJ
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. 9"v ox
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled :zk .^q
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like ^K@ GK
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 9<#R;eIs v
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations
R5YtCw]i=
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, PyJblW
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main J'&? =|
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near !i lDR<
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic )p j \b[
ruptures in a computer.
