A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and v")
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geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 0=zS&xM
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with _\[JMhd}
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave y Vv3S[J
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation w7V
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models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. /[dAgxL
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled SFNd,(kB*z
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like ?+tZP3'
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of DOU?e9I2
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations Xn'>k[}<k
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, B&j+fi
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main 19`0)pzZ*P
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near (Sp~+#XnF
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic YVp0 }m
ruptures in a computer.
