A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and <Gj]XAoe%
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at avy@)iO7
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with "?S> }G\
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave yW@YW_2;4
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ~u-_DOA
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. -GZ:}<W 6+
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled s8+{##"1
q
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like zn#lFPj12
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of EYR%u'&7'
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations ~t Zy-1
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, 0w!:YB ,}
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main 7bL48W<QD
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near *0/%R{+S
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic Q`! <2i;
ruptures in a computer.
