A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and Q3KBG8
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at wXZ-%,R -D
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with o j^U
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave es6e-y@e
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation /J6CSk
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. pE`( kD
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled x``!t>)O
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like \UC4ai2MK
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of vIG,!^*3
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations b,@:eV Q7
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, xz%ig^L
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main 2`},;i~[
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near P9'5=e@jB
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic bc"{ZL!C
ruptures in a computer.
