A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and &^ 3~=$
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at R#7+
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with %AEK[W+0
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 7z&adkG:
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation KB,~u*~!
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. ;vv!qBl|@
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled G\:psx/
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like \, %o>M'
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of n# ^?X
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations }u3H4S<o
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation,
TCK I
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main L >Ez-
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near 2 .Eu+*UC
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic jRdhLs,M9
ruptures in a computer.
