A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and >f~y2YAr
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at lT- LOu|
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with }ILg_>uq[
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ;LFs.Jc<
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation |("zW7g
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. yex0rnQ|
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled :8Ql (I
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like X=X
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of uPL| 3ACS
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations }woN I
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, m^YYdyn]M
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main -* piC(
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near iFB {a?BE
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic +F t@S(IE
ruptures in a computer.
