A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and U f:`
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at >{q]&}^U
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with ($q-_m
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave fa E t6
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation Go 5J%&E9
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. {% rA1g
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled 0IsPIi"7
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like B~1 _ 28\
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of H4WP~(__
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations >8~.wXyoC
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, & jS>Us Gh
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main z Xg3[orF
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near |XaIx#n
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic 8 }I$'x
ruptures in a computer.
