A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and ~+GMn[h
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at % kg%ttu7
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with XdDy0e4{%<
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 3B<$ 6
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ,&\uuD&.@
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. v!pT!(h4
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ]zza/O;31(
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like p ^U:O&U(
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of oKJj?%dHK9
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations nD$CY K
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, _e;$Y#`EO
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main ?`oCc [hY
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near z$d/Vz,a
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic U_UX *
ruptures in a computer.
