A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and X \ -IA v
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at ,m`>
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with Q|DVB
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ?F^$4:
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation a'[Ah2}3r<
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. EDl*UG83G
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled - kGwbV}
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like u["3| `C5
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of k3HPY}-
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations F1Jd-3ei
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, K-a~Kr
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main fAMk<?
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near <Z nVWER
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic X6hp}
ruptures in a computer.
