A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and M+WN \.2pX
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at j UB`=d|
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with dy t.( 2
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave -qpe;=g&f
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation )pw53,7>aN
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. d>Ky(wS
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled `A$zLqz)Vm
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like T26'b .
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of T<U_Iq
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations GhW{6.^
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, 34t[]v|LD
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main d 8VFa'|
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near vO8CT-)
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic b\C1qM4
ruptures in a computer.
