A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and zg2d}"dV
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at !j6 k]BgZ
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with s41%A2Enh
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave X-\$<DiJGv
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation `<YMk p[
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. `% 9Y)a/e
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled 7{#p'.nc5
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like $--8%gh dG
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of q8{Bx03m6
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations E`)e
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may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, :'[?/<iTg
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main #{6VdWZ
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near G_F_TNO
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic 7X$CJ%6b
ruptures in a computer.
