A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and f0^s<:*
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at |/xA5_-N
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with K fVsnL_
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ,37<F XX,
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation vmNI$ KZM
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. ;q%z\g A
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled b5%<},ySq
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like D{7^y>8_Y-
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of 32aI0CT
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations <a_ (qh@B
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Xe: ^<$z
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main SnUR?k1
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near [x,
`)Fk
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic eF7I 5k4
ruptures in a computer.
