A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and LA>dkPB
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at A1 b6Zt
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with yOM
-;h
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave P^n{Y ~P=Q
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation -KA4Inn]5
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. B8>FCF&}E
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled
nFVbQa~
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like 2nYiG)tg
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of @OrXbG7&>#
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations *IVD/ 9/
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, N~0$x,bR
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main s'2 y%E#
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near 0= gF6U
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic &U8 54
ruptures in a computer.
