A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and v 9" 03 =h
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at +LF`ZXe8l
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with +NT C!/
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave g}$B4_sY
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation ;]>a7o
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. <Aqo[']
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled 3;F up4!4}
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like AI]lG]q8
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of ny1Dg$u i2
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations B/I1<%Yk
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, ]h'*L`
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main cnB:bQQK8
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near @3`Pq2<
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic b\p2yJ\
ruptures in a computer.
