A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and u#|Jl|aT
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at l (4./M
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with F4gc_>{|
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave ,Gx=e!-N5
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation !qve1H4d2
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. r26Wys i~%
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled [6N39G$
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like >maz t=,
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of * j :5
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations ..mz!:Zs0
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, YL0RQ a
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main _J;a[Ky+[
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near bZ fJG^3
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic Hf|:A(vCx
ruptures in a computer.
