A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and lu.]R>w
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at =x<N+vjXY
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with 8'PZA,CW
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 7
$y;-[E[
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation `2Pa{g- .
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. >.meecE?Q
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled sS -dHa
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like NO!Qo:
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of U3_${
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations }n^Rcz6HeO
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, I}P I
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main `
-_! %m/
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near cx[^D,usf~
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic ]oP1c-GEk
ruptures in a computer.
