A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and +[Izz~ _p
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at 1lYQR`Uh
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with r XT6u
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave $Sgq 7
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation 50e
vWD
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. PO nF_FC
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled uCHM
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like RF }R~m9]
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of %bp'`B=
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations gq ~K(Q<O<
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, kO/YO)g
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main 7Y.mp9,
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near bfq%.<W
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic C1==a FD
ruptures in a computer.
