Actually, 4D spacing is medium value for avoiding the pile-soil-pile interaction (shadow effect). tN{0C/B9
orJ|Q3c)d
The p-multiplier for pile-soil-pile interaction in p-y curve method will reach 1 when the spacing Kj0)/Fjl+
c<1$zQY!
equal 6D (O'Neill 1998). This p-multiplier is about 0.8 when S/D=4. All the results are based on "|6(.S+o
yK{P%oh)
many tests(different soil(sand, clay), different pile length) including site test and centrifuge aMqt2{f+
!KV!Tkx h
test(Chang 2003). n[/D>Pi
Pr>$m{
Z
In China, we choose Spacing more than 4D, it shows that the pile-soil-pile effect is less 20%. (acceptable)