A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and wQRZ"ri,
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at {l |E:>Q2
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with y
K"kEA[;
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave up'Tit
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation [ :zO}r:
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. 8jyG" %WO
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled YX` 7Hm,
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like 4fe7U=# ;Y
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of H eG)/W?r
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations .-<k>9S7_
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, ,mj@sC>
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main JJ%ePgWT
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near 8cA~R-
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic Uf, 4
ruptures in a computer.
