A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and ^TyusfOz
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at f Piq
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with /R8>f
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave GD}3 r:wDs
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation /"- k
;jz
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. ?;0=>3p*0
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled *;7&
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like g:q+.6va"
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of gd_w;{WP
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations q#pBlJ.LK
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, Q
nDy mVF
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main xB68RQe)
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near t ^&:45~Q
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic >a%NC'~rc
ruptures in a computer.
