A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and "'@iDq%y
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at h{ R>L s
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with /hojm6MM
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave EqN_VT@
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation # -0}r
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. 4t%g:9]vr
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled N<e =!LV
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like ?dJ[? <aG
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of Gs2| #*6
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations r fl-(_3
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, d^0v aX6e}
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main &at ^~ o
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near @F+zME
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic vw; GbQH(
ruptures in a computer.
