Geologic Hazards A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers (Roy E. Hunt, P.E., P.G. 2007)
Author .............................................................................................................................................ix
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Landslides and Other Slope Failures ................................................................3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 General........................................................................................................................3
1.1.2 Hazard Recognition..................................................................................................4
1.1.3 Rating the Hazard and the Risk ............................................................................9
1.1.4 Elements of Slope Stability ....................................................................................11
1.2 Slope Failure Form Characteristics ..................................................................................18
1.2.1 Creep ........................................................................................................................18
1.2.2 Falls ..........................................................................................................................19
1.2.3 Planar Slides in Rock Masses ................................................................................20
1.2.4 Rotational Slides in Rock ......................................................................................27
1.2.5 Rotational Slides in Soils........................................................................................27
1.2.6 Lateral Spreading and Progressive Failure ........................................................29
1.2.7 Debris Slides ............................................................................................................45
1.2.8 Debris Avalanches ..................................................................................................47
1.2.9 Debris Flows ............................................................................................................52
1.2.10 Rock-Fragment Flows ............................................................................................52
1.2.11 Soil and Mud Flows................................................................................................53
1.2.12 Seafloor Instability ..................................................................................................57
1.3 Assessment of Slopes ..........................................................................................................59
1.3.1 General......................................................................................................................59
1.3.2 Stability Analysis: A Brief Review........................................................................59
1.3.3 Slope Characteristics ..............................................................................................76
1.3.4 Weather Factors ......................................................................................................87
1.3.5 Hazard Maps and Risk Assessment ....................................................................90
1.4 Treatment of Slopes ............................................................................................................92
1.4.1 General Concepts ....................................................................................................92
1.4.2 Changing Slope Geometry ....................................................................................97
1.4.3 Surface Water Control ..........................................................................................101
1.4.4 Internal Seepage Control ....................................................................................102
1.4.5 Side-Hill Fills ........................................................................................................106
1.4.6 Retention ................................................................................................................108
1.5 Investigation: A Review ....................................................................................................117
1.5.1 General....................................................................................................................117
1.5.2 Regional and Total Slope Studies ......................................................................123
1.5.3 Detailed Study of Cut, Fill, or Failure Area ......................................................126
1.5.4 Case Study ............................................................................................................127
1.5.5 Instrumentation and Monitoring........................................................................130
References ...................................................................................................................................132
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................135
Chapter 2 Ground Subsidence, Collapse, and Heave ..................................................137
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................137
2.1.1 General....................................................................................................................137
2.1.2 The Hazards ..........................................................................................................137
2.1.3 Scope and Objectives............................................................................................137
2.2 Groundwater and Oil Extraction ....................................................................................138
2.2.1 Subsurface Effects ................................................................................................138
2.2.2 Surface Effects........................................................................................................139
2.2.3 Physiographic Occurrence ..................................................................................140
2.2.4 Significant Examples ............................................................................................141
2.2.5 Subsidence Prevention and Control ..................................................................144
2.3 Subsurface Mining ............................................................................................................148
2.3.1 Subsidence Occurrence ........................................................................................148
2.3.2 Longwall Panel Extraction ..................................................................................151
2.3.3 Room and Pillar Method (Also “Breast and Heading” Method) ..................152
2.3.4 Strength Properties of Coal ................................................................................155
2.3.5 Investigation of Existing Mines ..........................................................................156
2.3.6 Subsidence Prevention and Control and Foundation Support......................159
2.4 Solution of Rock ................................................................................................................160
2.4.1 General....................................................................................................................160
2.4.2 Solution Phenomenon and Development ........................................................160
2.4.3 Investigation ..........................................................................................................165
2.4.4 Support of Surface Structures ............................................................................168
2.5 Soil Subsidence and Collapse ..........................................................................................169
2.5.1 General....................................................................................................................169
2.5.2 Collapsible or Metastable Soils ..........................................................................169
2.5.3 Predicting Collapse Potential..............................................................................176
2.5.4 Treatment and Support of Structures ................................................................178
2.5.5 Piping Soils and Dispersive Clays......................................................................180
2.6 Heave in Soil and Rock ....................................................................................................183
2.6.1 General....................................................................................................................183
2.6.2 Swelling in Soils ....................................................................................................184
2.6.3 Swelling in Rock Masses......................................................................................187
2.6.4 Treatments to Prevent or Minimize Swelling and Heave ..............................190
References ...................................................................................................................................191
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................195
Chapter 3 Earthquakes ........................................................................................................197
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................197
3.1.1 General....................................................................................................................197
3.1.2 Geographic Distribution ......................................................................................198
3.1.3 Objectives and Scope............................................................................................203
3.2 Earthquake Elements ........................................................................................................203
3.2.1 The Source..............................................................................................................203
3.2.2 Seismic Waves........................................................................................................206
3.2.3 Ground Motion......................................................................................................209
3.2.4 Intensity and Magnitude ....................................................................................214
3.2.5 Attenuation ............................................................................................................220
3.2.6 Amplification ........................................................................................................223
3.2.7 Duration ................................................................................................................227
3.2.8 Recurrence and Forecasting ................................................................................228
3.3 Surface Effects on the Geologic Environment ..............................................................233
3.3.1 Faulting ..................................................................................................................233
3.3.2 Soil Behavior..........................................................................................................245
3.3.3 Subsidence and Liquefaction ..............................................................................248
3.3.4 Slope Failures ........................................................................................................255
3.3.5 Tsunamis and Seiches: Respon-se of Large Water Bodies................................260
3.3.6 The Volcano Hazard ............................................................................................262
3.4 Earthquake-Resistant Design: An Overview ................................................................263
3.4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................263
3.4.2 Structural Respon-se ..............................................................................................265
3.4.3 Site Ground-Respon-se Factors ............................................................................269
3.4.4 Respon-se Spectra ..................................................................................................271
3.4.5 Seismic Hazard Analysis ....................................................................................274
3.4.6 The Design Earthquake........................................................................................276
3.4.7 Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) Analysis ..........................................................282
3.5 Investigation: Important Structures in High-Hazard Areas ......................................287
3.5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................287
3.5.2 Preliminary Phase ................................................................................................287
3.5.3 Detailed Study of Regional and Local Geologic Condition-s..........................290
3.5.4 Evaluation and Analysis ......................................................................................292
3.5.5 Limitation-s in the Present State of the Art........................................................293
References ...................................................................................................................................295
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................299
Appendix The Earth and Geologic History ......................................................................301
A.1 Significance to the Engineer ............................................................................................301
A.2 The Earth ............................................................................................................................301
A.2.1 General....................................................................................................................301
A.2.2 Cross Section..........................................................................................................301
A.3 Global Tectonics ................................................................................................................302
A.3.1 General....................................................................................................................302
A.3.2 The Hypotheses ....................................................................................................302
A.4 Geologic History ................................................................................................................303
A.4.1 North America: Provides a General Illustration ..............................................303
A.4.2 Radiometric Dating ..............................................................................................306
References ...................................................................................................................................307
Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................307
Index ...............................................................................................................................309
