Actually, 4D spacing is medium value for avoiding the pile-soil-pile interaction (shadow effect). 2d:5~fEJp
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The p-multiplier for pile-soil-pile interaction in p-y curve method will reach 1 when the spacing *URBx"5XZ
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equal 6D (O'Neill 1998). This p-multiplier is about 0.8 when S/D=4. All the results are based on W[R^5{k`
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many tests(different soil(sand, clay), different pile length) including site test and centrifuge !4 =]@eFk
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test(Chang 2003). )UoF*vC(
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In China, we choose Spacing more than 4D, it shows that the pile-soil-pile effect is less 20%. (acceptable)